Part III

9.applying perceptual method to the study of phoetic variation and sound change

10.interpreting misperception

11.coarticulatory nasalization and phonological developments

12. A perceptual bridge between coronal and dorsal /r/

13.Danish Stød


CHAPTER 9 負責人：鎮妃、怡萱、勝芬

9.2.2 Testing perception of co-variationHypothese 1: - listeners formulate equivalence categories in which the two sites of a lowered velum, N and V(nasal), are perceptually equivalentHypothese 2: the range of variants of V(nasal) and N that listeners treat as perceptually equivaletn will differ depending on the voicing of the coda consonant9.2.2.1 Methodological approach1. co-varying acoustic properties- trading with each other is taken as evidence of th ecoherence among parts of the acoustic signal that belong together2. wavefrom-edeiting techniques (bed, bend, bet, bent)-three groups of pairsa. N-only pair: /n/ duration was the only difference between pair membersb. cooperating paris: the stimulus with the shorter /n/ had less vowel nasalization than did the stimulus with the longer /n/c. conflicting pairs: the stimulus with the shorter /n/ had more vowel nasalization than did the on with hte longer /n/9.2.2.2 predictions1. conflicting pairs, despite large acoustic differences between pair members, should be difficult to dscriminate--possibly more difficult than the acoustically less distinct N-only pairs2. cooperating pairs, whose member have large acoustic differences and alrge differences in total nasalization, should be correctly judged as different3. the expected influence of coda voicing is that the perceptual judgments of listeners will broadly reflect the distribution of V(nasal)N measures found for th eproduction of VNC(voiced) and VNC(voiceless) words, such that vowerl nasalization will have a greater influence on judgments in the voiceless than in the voiced context.9.2.2.3 Results(expected)1. discrimination was most accurate for coopearating pairs, whose members differd substantially in total nasalization across the V(nasal)N sequence(unexpected)2. listeners also showed the expected greater sensitvity to vowel nasalization in the [t] than in athe [d] context3. listeners who consistently discriminated the conflicting trials more poorly tha n the acoustically less distinfct N-only trials, and listeners whose overall accuracy on conflincting trials was similar to that on cooperating trials.4. nasa murmurs are more likely to be detected when followed by silence (the voiceless closure) than when followed by glottal pulsing (the voiced closure)5. Diffierent listeners have diffierent levels of respondence to the simuli

(勝芬↑)


It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with phonological change. (Discuss)This article does not cite any references or sources. (November 2006)Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See Help:IPA for a pronunciation key.Sound change includes any processes of language change that affect pronunciation (phonetic change) or word structures (phonemic change). Sound change can consist of the replacement of one speech sound (or, more generally, one phonetic feature) by another, the complete loss of the affected sound, and (rarely) even the introduction of a new sound in a place where there previously was none. Sound changes can be environmentally conditioned, meaning that the change in question only occurs in a defined sound environment, whereas in other environments the same speech sound is not affected by the change.Sound change is assumed to be usually regular, which means that it is expected to apply mechanically whenever its structural condition is met, irrespective of any non-phonological factors (such as the meaning of the words affected). On the other hand, sound changes can sometimes be sporadic, affecting only one particular word or a few words, without any seeming regularity.Of regular sound changes, the somewhat hyperbolic term sound law is also sometimes used. This term was introduced by the Neogrammarian school in the 19th century and is still commonly applied to some historically important sound changes, such as Grimm's law. While real-world sound changes often admit of exceptions (for a variety of known reasons, and sometimes without a known reason), the expectation of their regularity or "exceptionlessness" is of great heuristic value, since it allows historical linguists to define the notion of regular correspondence (see: comparative method).Each sound change is limited in space and time. It means it functions within a specified area (only in some dialects) and within a specified period of time. These limitations are some of the reasons for which some scholars refuse using the term "sound law" (asserting that laws should not have such spatial and temporal limitations) and replace it with phonetic rule.Contents1 The formal notation of sound change2 Principles of sound change3 Terms for changes in pronunciation4 Examples of specific historical sound changes5 External links

(怡萱↑)

CHAPTER 10 負責人：珮驊、義仁

Ohala has gave substance to Baudouin’s insighta. Misperception as a significant source of sound changeb. Investigation of the nature of such misperceptions by experimental methodsTwo fundamental implications of Ohala’s researcha. The innocent misperception can lead directly to attested recurrent sound patternsb. Sound change is non-teleologicalThe sources of the resistance to non-teleological modelsa. Experimental results are simply ignoredb. Interpretations of perception experiments are not empirically motivated, and fail to recognize lexical effectsc. Simplification of the model

(義仁↑)

CHAPTER 11 負責人：惠珍、怡君、晟維

11.1 IntroductionVowel-nasal-fricative nasalizationVelum movement during nasalizationSound changesNasal loss and preceding vowel lengtheningStop epenthesisThe unclear of nasal following voiceless fricativeVowel types do matter for the ease of nasalization11.2 previous investigations of nasal-obstruent sequences in Italian and EnglishVowel nasalizationIn Northern ItalianLong vowel durationVoiceless post-nasal consonants (fricative)Complete nasal consonant loss and longer vowel nasalization before fricatives than stops (Busà, 2003)In Central ItalianNo extensive nasalization nor complete nasal consonant lossIn American English80-100% nasalization, esp. the vowel before a tautosyllabic nasal and before a voiceless stopAE vowel nasalization is an intrinsic property of vowel rather than an coarticulation effectStop epenthesisReason of occurrence: when the oral constriction is released it causes a burst at the same place of articulation as the nasal consonantIn Central (-Southern) ItalianIn AE2 cases of stop epenthesisThe velum raising before the beginning of the oral constriction (for the fricative)The velum raising after the release for the fricativeFavored environments for occurrence: Word-final position and following a stressed vowel

(晟維↑)

11.3MethodPrevious findings between oral air emission for the production of oral sound and the extend of the closure of the VP opening.Positive correlation(Lubker and Moll 1995)Current method11.3.1 Speech materialTable 11.1 Words used in the experimentThe words are placed as in belowItalian: Dico X diEnglish: I said X againAnd read five times by each subject11.3.2 ProcedureOral and nasal flows were transduced bytwo-chamber Glottal Enterprise Rothenberg mask.Audio signal were recorded byA high-quality microphone attached to the exterior of the mask11.3.3 AnalysisFirst analyzed with PCquitier.Display of acoustic waveformSpectrogramOral and nasal flowWhen vowel is oral & nasal is fully articulatedWhen vowel is nasalized before a fully articulated nasal consonantWhen vowel is nasalized before a weakly articulated nasal consonantA fully nasalized vowels co-occurrence of nasal flow11.3.4 Measures11.3.4.1 Acoustic analysisDuration measures were taken ofthe test & control of Vsnasalized portions of pre-nasal Vs, Ns,Fs11.3.4.2 Nasal airflowDifference at the nasal onset and offsetFigure 11.2The interpretation of the nasal flow with the thresholds were label astN1, tN2, tN3, tN4,The peak time of nasal flow was labeled t Npeak, -tN, 11.3.4.3 Oral airflowOral movement with a piecewise linear envelopThe envelop was used to compute the time lagFrom the maximum of oral closure to the nasal peak11.3.4.5 Statistical analysisOne-way ANOVAsAcoustic dataTwo-ways ANOVAsWithin-groupBetween-groupBy averaging, by groupSame to aerodynamic dataAveraging values across VNF, and VNTS context11.4 Result11.4.1. Acoustic analysisFigure 1.1(left panel)Typical case in N1 dataThe vowel is heavily nasalizedThe nasal consonant is weakly articulated before the following voiceless fricativesFigure 1.1(right panel)The release ofthe oral occlusion for the nasal consonant between the velic closure(nasal peak)The result of the acoustic analysisTwo-ways ANOVAsTable 11.2-4As expectedThere is defect of vowel quality on vowel durationAnd the duration of vowel nasalizationTable 5N1 has the longest vowels and shortest oral consonants(F,TS) inVNFVNTS sequence

(惠珍↑)

CHAPTER 12 負責人：威鈴、伊津、宜珊
12.1 IntroductionPhonetic variation of rhotics /r/ in Swedish dialects:(1).front(coronal)/r/(2).back(dorsal)/r/Region of back /r/ :western EuropeanEnglishItalian CzechEstonianworking-class varieties of rural communitiesThe complementary distribution between [R] and [r] in southern Swedish dialects:/r/: back only in intitial postion , after a short stressed vowelFront and back /r/ have provided a basis for lexcal contrast in OccitanWhy would [r] change into [R] (or vice versa)?How does sound change begin?Purpose :(1)to establish an articulary-acoustic reference for /r/ types(2)to evaluate the articulatory-acoustic relationship(3)to synthesize an /r/ continuum situated in the F2-F3 area in question

(宜珊↑)


12.1Why would [r]change into [R] (or vice versa)How does sound change begin?Perception affects place of articulationPurpose---examine the perceptual preconditions for reinterpretation of place of articulation.Establish an articulatory-acoustic reference systemEvaluate the articulatory -aoustic relationshipsSynthesize an /r/ continuum

(伊津↑)


12.1 IntroductionThe rhotics (r-sounds) are known for having a particularly wide range of phonetic variationWhy would [r] change into [R]?How does sound change begin?The purposeTo examine the perceptual preconditions for reinterpretations of place of articulation1) Establish an articulatory-acoustic reference system for a number of /r/ types2) To evaluate the articulatory-acoustic relationships using articulatory modeling.3) To synthesize an /r/ continuum situated in the F2-F3 area in question.12.2 Formant Frequencies for places of /r/ articulation12.2.1 DataWe recorded reference material to obtain formant frequencies for various approximant rhotics12.2.2 CommentsThe pharyngeals, uvulars, and back velars form separate but adjacent clusters.12.3 APEX simulations12.3.1 The APEX model1) an implementation of a framework previously developed for vowels2)subsequently augmented with tongue tip and blade parameters3) APEX is a tool for going from articulatory positions to sound in four steps4) From specifications for lips, tongue lip, tongue body, jaw opening and larynx height, APEX constructs an articulatory profile.12.3.2 SimulationsAPEX was used to help answer two questionsWhat are the acoustic consequences of varying the place of articulation in /r/-like coronal articulations?What are the acoustic consequences of varying the place of articulation in /r/-like dorsal articulations?12.3.3 ConclusionsBy the large, it can be seen that APEX corroborates the articulatory properties exhibited by speaker O. It would therefore seen justified to assume that they are descriptively valid not only for him, but, at least qualitatively, also more generally.

(威鈴↑)

CHAPTER 13 負責人：Aleksandra 、洋吉


13.3 PHONOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF STØDAppearance of stød, where it did not belong originallyMozartProductiveness of stød13.3.1 Stød and word structureGeneral principles of stødStd vs non-stød13.3.1.1 Stød in non-inflected, non-derived words (lexical items)13.3.1.2 Inflection and derivationSuffixesFully productiveSemi-productiveNon-productiveDependency of stød13.3.2 Stød in new and unexpected contextsPrinciples of stød in the process of changeUnexpected examplesSimple nouns in the pluralCompound nouns in the pluralVerbal adjectivesNon-inflected lexical itemsNon-inflected compound stemsCONCLUSIONAim-acoustic & perceptual evidence on Danish stødCharacteristic of Danish stødPhonetic natureDistributionPrinciples of governing

(Aleksandra ↑)