textbook reading

Chapter 5
5.2.3 some key notions of French phonemics
cardinal primary vowels → french vowels
e.g. /i/, /e/, /a/, /u/, /o/, /ε/, /α/
IPA is inadequet: American English is pronounced differently from British English
analyses of these vowels
/i/
/y/
/u/
nasalized vowels
palatalized consonants


5.3.5 investigaing the effets of states of the glottis and of supraglottic constriction
/R/(upside down)
compare to /X/


vocabulary:
articulatory modeling (AM)
vocal tract(VT)
F-pattern
Maeda’s artiuculatory model
Guided Principal Component Alaysis (PCA)
midsagittal
MRI


Chapter 6 The control and Regulation of Speech
6.4.3.3 sentences
Research goal: to investigate the relationship between f0 and Ps
Research subjects: two males
Research method: sentences reading with no instructions about speed and loudness.
Sentence types: declarative, statements, yes-no questions, sentence with complete or incomplete information.
Research findings: it was never possible to establish a clear correlation between f0 and Ps.
6.4.3.4 the effects of changes in Ps and intensity on f0
Research goal: to investigate the effect of changes in intensity and Ps on the f0 of sentences.
Research subjects: VL♀ and DD♂
Research method: produce 14 sentences at 3 level of intensity with no other instructions.
Research findings:
f0 declination does not entirely correspond to declining Ps
Ps and Intensity seemto be correlated.



Chapter 11 Coarticulatory Nasalization and phonological Developments
11.1 Introduction
Vowel-nasal-fricative nasalization
Velum movement during nasalization
Sound changes
Nasal loss and preceding vowel lengthening
Stop epenthesis
The unclear of nasal following voiceless fricative
Vowel types do matter for the ease of nasalization
11.2 previous investigations of nasal-obstruent sequences in Italian and English
Vowel nasalization
In Northern Italian
Long vowel duration
Voiceless post-nasal consonants (fricative)
Complete nasal consonant loss and longer vowel nasalization before fricatives than stops (Busà, 2003)
In Central Italian
No extensive nasalization nor complete nasal consonant loss
In American English
80-100% nasalization, esp. the vowel before a tautosyllabic nasal and before a voiceless stop
AE vowel nasalization is an intrinsic property of vowel rather than an coarticulation effect
Stop epenthesis
Reason of occurrence: when the oral constriction is released it causes a burst at the same place of articulation as the nasal consonant
In Central (-Southern) Italian
In AE
2 cases of stop epenthesis
The velum raising before the beginning of the oral constriction (for the fricative)
The velum raising after the release for the fricative
Favored environments for occurrence: Word-final position and following a stressed vowel



Chapter 15 Physiological and Physical Bases of the Command-Response Model for Generating Fundamental Frequency Contours in Tone Languages
15.3 mathematical representation of F0 contours of tone languages with positive and negative local components
Introduction of mathematical formulation and relative settings
15.4 application of the model to the analysis of F0 contours of several tone languages
Research goal:
Analyze F0 contour
Estimate the underlying commands
Research procedure:
Procedure: analysis-by-synthesis
Input data: Mandarin, Thai, Cantonese, Shanghainese, Vietnamese, Lanqi
Tone & Positive/Negative output:
In Mandarin
In Thai
In Cantonese
Conclusion: the advantage of the command-response model is that it provides a method for representing quantitive aspects of tonal features with a higher degree of accuracy.
15.5 conventional descriptions of tone systems
Systems
Chinese traditional tone names
Western phonological tone names
趙元任’s five-level tone-code system
The weakness: they all lack of accuracy and generality, and depend heavily on auditory perception and are subjective.
The limitation of five-level tone code system
It risks being confounded with non-distinctive phonetic variations.
It is valid only for representing tones in citation form.
It’s discrete and semi-quantitative, and cannot characterize the continuous and dynamic nature of F0 contours.



Chapter 22 Morphophonemics and the Lexicon
22.1 introduction
Try to find a way to explain the stem-final alternation in Turkish
22.2 the problem
Size (length) as a categorizer
Wedel: neighborhood density & alternation rate
Conclude: Wedel’s findings cannot be meaningfully evaluated for it’s done by statistics from a dictionary.(a single-speaker corpus is a better choice)
22.3 methodology: TELL and a frequency corpus
22.3.1 the Turkish electronic living lexicon (TELL)
Maker: University of California, Berkeley
Content: 30,000 words (25,000 headwords, 5,000 place names)
Voice producer: 63-year-old standard Istanbul Turkish speaker
Morphological context:
NOM. case
ACC. case
1. person predicative
Possessive case
Professional suffix
22.3.2 stem-final alternations: a snapshot from TELL
22.3.3 frequency corpus
Maker: Kemal Oflazer, at Sabancı University in Istanbul, Turkey
Content: 12,000,000 words
22.4 frequency
Rhodes’ AE Flapping and Bybee’s coronal deletion
Gradient alternation and semi-regular
Findings
In velar deletion: more frequent, more alternation
In voicing: less frequent, more alternation
22.5 neighborhood density
22.5.1 neighborhood density with a single-speaker corpus
22.5.2 frequency-weighted neighborhood density
22.6 cohorts
22.7 etymology
22.8 conclusions